NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On June 16, 1995, at 2230 hours Pacific daylight time, a Cessna P210N, N333HF, collided with trees and terrain northwest of Bishop, California. The aircraft was destroyed and the commercial pilot, the sole occupant, received fatal injuries. The aircraft was being operated as a personal flight by the pilot when the accident occurred. The flight originated from Daugherty Field, Long Beach, California, at approximately 2130. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed at the accident site, and no IFR flight plan had been filed.

Witnesses at the accident site reported hearing the sound of an engine which gradually grew louder. As the engine sound increased, they heard a sharp crack followed by the sound of an engine accelerating. The acceleration sound was immediately followed by a loud bang. Upon investigating the source of the sounds, witnesses found aircraft wreckage along with several ground fires in the midst of the French Camp campgrounds about 0.5 mile south of Tom's Place, California.

The accident site was located at 37 degrees 33.5 minutes north latitude and 118 degrees 41.3 minutes west longitude, and at an approximate elevation of 7,300 feet msl.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The pilot was employed as a ground school instructor and held an advanced ground school instructor certificate. According to his employer, he had taught 10,000 students over the course of 20,000 hours of classroom instruction. His areas of instruction were preparation for the FAA instrument and flight engineer written examinations.

The pilot also held an instrument rating and an instrument flight instructor certificate. The FAA reported that the pilot's certified flight instructor certificate would have expired on September 30, 1995.

According to the owner, the pilot had been giving him instrument flight instruction in the accident aircraft while under VFR conditions. The owner reported that the pilot had previously flown the aircraft to Mammoth Lakes, California, (the owner's home) but had always been accompanied by another licensed pilot. The owner also stated in his written report that the pilot did not have his permission to fly the aircraft.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

Following a review of the aircraft logbooks by FAA airworthiness inspectors, the FAA coordinator reported that their examination did not identify a record of any discrepancies that would have adversely effected aircraft airworthiness.

Based upon an examination of the aircraft's logbooks, the Cessna delivery documents, and statements made by the airplane's owner, all instruments required for flight into IFR conditions were installed in the airplane. The airplane was equipped with a Loran, a moving map display, storm scope, and an autopilot that had navigation coupling capability.

The aircraft load consisted of the pilot and fuel. The amount of fuel onboard the aircraft at the time of departure was unknown, as neither fuel slips nor witnesses were found.

METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS

On the day of the accident, the pilot had requested and received four weather briefings from the Hawthorne Flight Service Station (FSS) prior to his departure. He also reported to the FSS weather briefer that he had made several calls to friends in the Mammoth Lakes area, but had been told that the weather was clear and sunny on one call and then falling snow on the next. A transcript of those briefings is appended to this report.

Weather at the accident site was described by nearby witnesses as a 200-foot overcast with light snow falling. A review of the sun and moon illumination table revealed that it was a dark night. The Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) at Bishop, California, reported 6,000 feet overcast with rain falling at the time of the accident. The weather north of Bishop in the Owens Valley during the pilot's last FSS weather briefing at 1936 was reported as not available by the weather briefer. The briefer did suggest that darkness could adversely effect VFR navigation while crossing the ridge from the Owens Valley toward the Mammoth-June Lakes airport.

AIDS TO NAVIGATION

At the time of the accident, the pilot was not flying on an established airway. High Desert Terminal Radar Approach Control facility (TRACON) lost radar contact with the aircraft at 2144, approximately 46 minutes prior to the accident, without receiving an acknowledgment from the pilot. An unfolded L3-L4 IFR en route low altitude chart was found in the aircraft wreckage. The expiration date on the chart was March 30, 1995. Both the accident site and the Mammoth Lakes airport are on the L5 chart.

According to the February 2, 1995, L-5 IFR low altitude en route chart, the minimum en route altitude for airway V381 is 13,000 feet and is 14,300 feet msl for V230. Both of these airways are in proximity to Mammoth Lakes airport and the accident site. The L-5 off route obstruction clearance altitude is 16,500 feet msl. The San Francisco sectional chart shows the maximum elevation figure (MEF) is 13,500 feet msl in the area of the accident site.

After reviewing their radar data, Los Angeles Center quality assurance personnel reported that their tape showed no returns for any 1200 code, or primary targets in the vicinity of the last discrete code (1027) received. They stated that when center radar contact was lost at 2144, the aircraft was indicating 6,500 feet msl, which is the base of their coverage. A further review showed no returns for any discrete code, 1200 code, or any primary target in the vicinity of the accident site from 2144 until 2230.

COMMUNICATIONS

The aircraft was handed off by Southern California TRACON to High Desert TRACON at 2019. All hand off positions had been combined due to light traffic. The pilot reported that he was descending to 5,500 feet msl west of Fox Field at 2022. Subsequently, he did not report leveling off at any altitude.

At 2043, the pilot asked TRACON if the pilot of N245CT had a PIREP. The pilot of N245CT replied directly that he was in the clear but that he had departed Inyokern airport not Mammoth. An unidentified transmission stated that there had been no PIREPS for the last 2 hours.

When radar services were terminated by High Desert TRACON at 2201, the pilot did not acknowledge the call. The pilot had been assigned a discrete code of 1027 and had not been advised to change his code or squawk, 1200 code, when radar service was terminated. There is no record of the pilot communicating with anyone from that time until the accident. A transcript of the pilot's communications with High Desert TRACON is appended to this report.

AIRPORT INFORMATION

Mammoth Lakes Airport, the reported destination, does not have a published instrument approach procedure. The field elevation of the airport is 7,128 feet msl.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

An inspection of trees near the accident site revealed a series of freshly broken limbs and a trail of aircraft debris leading up to several ground scars and major portions of the aircraft wreckage. The long axis of the wreckage distribution was on a bearing of 330 degrees magnetic. The length of the debris path was approximately 375 feet.

The first tree impact mark found was in proximity to debris identified as the midspan structure from the right wing. There were also impact marks found on several more trees found beyond the initial impact mark.

A circular swath measuring 53 inches in diameter was found near the base of a tree in proximity to the final location of the propeller. The propeller had separated from the engine crankshaft and all three blades exhibited chordwise scoring, while two of the blades exhibited torsional bending.

The engine was found separated from the fuselage and was located adjacent to the propeller. The crankshaft was separated aft of the oil seal and exhibited a 45-degree fracture surface. The right half of the crankcase exhibited a fracture above the No. 5 cylinder pad. The No. 1, 3, 4, 5, and 6 rocker covers were crushed and broken. The No. 4 and 6 rocker boxes were separated from their heads. The No. 4 exhaust valve stem and the No. 6 intake valve stem were bent. The turbocharger compressor impeller and exhaust turbine were found coupled and rotated freely. The top spark plugs were removed from all six cylinders. All the plugs exhibited gray-brown coloration. According to the Continental Engine party representative, the electrodes were neither burned nor eroded.

The main fuselage was found beyond the initial impact point in the final portion of the debris path and exhibited both impact and fire damage.

The fuel selector handle and valve were found positioned on the right main tank.

The landing gear selector was in the down position. The gear down locks on both of the main landing gear were found unlocked.

All flight control surfaces, the propeller, and the vertical and horizontal stabilizers were located along the accident site debris path. The flap jack screw was extended 4 inches which, according to the Cessna Aircraft party representation, corresponds to fully retracted flaps. The elevator trim actuator was found extended 1.95 inches which again, according to the Cessna party representative, corresponds to 15 degrees tab up (nose down) trim.

The aircraft altimeter indicated 7,700 feet msl and the Kollsman's setting was 29.96 inHg. The current Bishop altimeter at the time of the accident was 29.96 inHg.

The aircraft structure, including the empennage, fuselage, and cockpit were destroyed during a postimpact ground fire. There were also fires at several locations which involved nearby trees.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

According to medical records maintained by the FAA, the pilot had been diagnosed with high blood pressure. At the time of the accident the status of the pilot's medical certificate was pending as he was attempting to have his medical certificate reinstated.

The FAA reported that it last issued the pilot an aviation medical certificate on May 13, 1992. When the pilot applied for another certificate on November 4, 1993, the FAA denied its issuance due to his insufficiently controlled diabetes.

An autopsy was performed by the Mono County Coroner. Toxicological samples were forwarded to the Civil Aeromedical Institute (CAMI) for screening. CAMI reported negative findings for all substances screened.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The emergency locator transmitter (ELT) was found armed. No ELT signal was reported heard by any of the rescue personnel.

The aircraft wreckage was recovered by H.L.M. Air Services, Inc., and transported to a storage site in Santa Paula, California. All wreckage was released to USAIG on October 25, 1995.

NTSB Probable Cause

the pilot's continued flight into instrument meteorological conditions during dark nighttime over mountainous terrain; and his failure to maintain an adequate altitude to ensure terrain clearance. Thw weather and terrain were factors.