NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On April 22, 2001, at 1108 hours Pacific daylight time, a Cessna 310F, N5834X, was destroyed by impact with mountainous terrain, 3 miles northwest of Carmel Valley, California. The airline transport certificated pilot, the sole occupant, was fatally injured. The personal flight was operated by the owner under 14 CFR Part 91. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed and the aircraft was operating on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan. The flight originated at the Monterey Peninsula airport at 1105.

According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Southwest Region Quality Assurance Office, the aircraft arrived at Monterey from Carson City, Nevada, on a visual flight rules (VFR) flight plan. Upon arrival at Monterey, the pilot requested an instrument clearance from VFR conditions on top and executed an instrument approach and landing at Monterey; landing about 1030. According to a transcript of communications, at 1052:53, the pilot contacted Monterey Air Traffic Control Tower and requested an instrument clearance to VFR conditions on top. The tower issued a clearance to the "Salinas VOR [navigational aide] via the SECA 2 departure, climb to and report reaching VFR conditions on top, if not on top by 6,000 [feet] maintain 6,000 and advise, tops last reported 2,300 [feet], departure frequency will be 133.0, [transponder] squawk will be assigned." The pilot read back the clearance but omitted the assigned altitude in the read-back. The controller restated, "your altitude is 6,000." The pilot acknowledged "6,000." At 1100:05, the aircraft was issued a taxi clearance to runway 10R and was given a transponder code of 4565. At 1104:45, the aircraft was cleared for takeoff on runway 10R. At 1107:00, the tower controller transmitted to the aircraft that he was not receiving the aircraft's transponder. At 1107:20, the tower transmitted "I've got your transponder now, contact departure [control]." At 1107:56, the pilot transmitted "Monterey, twin Cessna 5834 xray is with you (unintelligible) 2,000." At 1108:04, the Monterey Approach controller transmitted "last call to Monterey was that twin Cessna 5834 xray?" At 1108:06, the pilot replied "34 xray." At 1108:10, the controller transmitted "November 34 xray verify you're flying the seca 2 departure, say altitude." At 1108:13, the pilot replied "2,200 climbing." At 1108:14, the controller transmitted "are you canceling IFR and on top now VFR, you're southbound November 34X, radar contact 5 miles east of Monterey." At 1108:28, the pilot replied "we're just about to break out here a little bit." At 1108:30, the controller transmitted "34 xray you're heading directly towards higher terrain turn northbound immediately if you're not VFR." At 1108:40, the controller transmitted "November 34 xray are you on top?" There was no further communication received from the aircraft.

The SECA 2 departure procedure states (in part) "TAKE-OFF RUNWAY 10L/R: Climb via heading 096 [degrees] and intercept the SNS [Salinas navigational aide] R-210 to SNS VORTAC, thence via assigned route, maintain 6,000 [feet]. Expect clearance to filed altitude 5 minutes after departure."

A review of recorded radar flight path data provided by the FAA's Southwest Region Quality Assurance Office shows that, after departure, the aircraft climbed approximately on a 100-degree (magnetic) heading, until crossing the Salinas VORTAC 210 radial, at which time the aircraft track turned right to approximately a 160-degree heading and the aircraft remained on that heading until radar contact was lost near the accident site at 1108:53. Between 1107:15 and 1108:30, the airplane's mode C altitude decreased from 2,200 feet, down to 1,800 feet, and then increased back up to 2,200 feet. Between 1108:30 and 1108:45, the altitude increased from 2,100 feet to 2,500 feet. There was one final altitude return at 1108:53, at an altitude of 2,100 feet.

A witness who resides in the Carmel Valley, 1.5 miles northwest of accident location, reported the airplane "came out of nowhere from behind the hill, and was going very fast." She also stated that it was "definitely not in control, in a very fast descent." She heard the airplane pass overhead and then immediately heard a loud "thump," and the sound ceased. She said it came from the direction of the Monterey airport and that she did not see the airplane, nor could she see the crash site from her home. About the weather conditions at the time, she stated: "It was sunny, I could see the tops of the hills. There were no clouds." She said she could see "blue sky" above the hills.

The passenger who the pilot dropped off in Monterey on the inbound flight said he was trying out using an airplane in his business to reduce driving time. He was not a pilot and the flight to Monterey was only his fourth business trip in the airplane. He said the airplane had been parked unused at Carson City for some period of time and he made an arrangement with the (deceased) owner's wife to make the airplane airworthy again and use it in his business travel in exchange. He planned to ultimately buy it. He used the pilot involved in the accident and one other pilot to fly it for him.

He said that the pilot was a "good, articulate pilot." He said the pilot received a weather briefing before they left and that he (the pilot) was told to expect that the clouds would have burned off by the time of their arrival. He said it was a smooth trip, but when they arrived at Monterey the clouds were still present. The pilot called for an instrument approach and they "guided us in." It was the first time the passenger had been in the clouds in a small airplane. The clouds were thicker than they expected; he thinks about 1,000 feet thick with a 1,000-foot ceiling underneath the clouds. He said that the pilot handled the airplane smoothly in the clouds, although at one point they came out of the bottom of the clouds and the controller called and said they were too low and they climbed back up into the clouds.

A ramp agent at Del Monte Aviation said the accident aircraft taxied onto their ramp [after landing] about 1030, and he attempted to direct the pilot to a parking space. The pilot seemingly ignored his directions and, after a period of time, taxied out near the edge of their ramp as though leaving and stopped there. The pilot shutoff the engines there and a man and a woman deplaned and exited (walked off) the ramp via the pedestrian gate without going in the Del Monte office. The pilot never exited the aircraft and no services were provided. The pilot restarted the engines and taxied from their ramp about 1045.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The owner/operator of Silver Sky Aviation, Carson City, said that the pilot worked for him as a flight instructor and (FAR Part 135) charter pilot until the end of the previous year when he closed down the flight operation and retained his maintenance business. He characterized the pilot as a "good, conscientious pilot with lots of [Cessna] 310 time." Up until the end of last year he was the operator's (FAR) Part 135 pilot and flew a Piper PA-23-250 (Aztec). He took regular check rides in the Aztec with the FAA's Reno Flight Standards District Office. The operator also has a Cessna 300 series simulator and said that the pilot gave instruction in the simulator as recently as the week before the accident.

The pilot's wife, who is also a pilot, told the Safety Board investigator that her husband was very disciplined about maintenance of the aircraft he flew and "wouldn't have gone up if everything wasn't right."

The passenger who was dropped off on the inbound flight to Monterey said "everything was fine," the pilot appeared physically and mentally normal and described him as "jovial."

The pilot's wife provided copies of his logbook for the period December 4, 1999, to February 21, 2001, and copies of his personal organizer (book), in which the pilot recorded flights after February 21, 2001. The last entry in the organizer was on April 18, 2001, in which he flew a "flt review" with another pilot in a Cessna 172 and then performed a flight in the accident aircraft. The last entry read "C 310 5834X test flight the repl of eng drvn fuel pump, R eng. No discrepancies noted. 1 lndg .8 flt."

The logbook and personal organizer showed that the pilot had accumulated 10,944 hours in single engine aircraft and 500 hours in multiengine aircraft. An insurance application Pilot Experience form, dated August 26, 2000, stated that the pilot had 400 total hours in the Cessna 310 model aircraft, with 15 of the hours in the last 5 years and 10 of the hours in the last 12 months. The logbook showed that the pilot's total multiengine experience in the prior year was 12.1 hours, all in the accident aircraft; including 6 hours in the previous 90 days and 2 hours in the previous 30 days. The logbook showed no actual or simulated (hooded) instrument flight time in aircraft in the prior year; however, the pilot did log 3.1 hours on October 11, 2000, and 2.3 hours on February 21, 2001, in a (ground based) model AST-300 flight training device (FTD). Both sessions in the FTD were logged as multiengine flight experience and as dual instruction. The FTD sessions logged 8 and 6 instrument approaches, respectively, and remarked that the session included intercepting and tracking airway radials and performing holding patterns.

According to records provided by the FAA's Airmen Certification Branch, the pilot's Airline Transport Pilot certificate was issued for single engine land airplanes. He held commercial certificate privileges in multiengine land airplanes and gliders.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The owner/operator of Silver Sky Aviation said that the accident airplane sat idle in a hangar at Carson City for a long time. He thought it had been sold to the person who had paid to have the airplane serviced and returned to service (the passenger who was dropped off at Monterey). That person is not a pilot, and the pilot involved in the accident and another pilot flew it for him. Silver Sky Aviation performed a great deal of maintenance on the airplane when it was returned to service about 1 year prior. They have since done routine maintenance on it and most recently replaced the heater about 3 or 4 months ago.

The owner/operator of Silver Sky Aviation said that the pilot involved in the accident had flown the airplane "quite a bit" and liked it. He said that the pilot was attentive to maintenance and anytime there were mechanical discrepancies he brought them to his attention for repair. He thought the mechanical condition of the aircraft was good at the time of the accident but he "doesn't think" the autopilot was functional.

The passenger who was dropped off on the inbound flight to Monterey, (the non-pilot operator), had told him the airplane appeared to run normally and the pilot mentioned no problems with it.

The aircraft logbooks were not located after the accident. A representative of Silver Sky Aviation thought that the logbooks were carried in the airplane and was able to provided a copy of the work order for the last annual inspection dated July 1, 2000, at which time the airplane had 1,877 hours total flying time. On the work order was reference to a "2 year transponder test." The representative did not recall if the 2-year pitot-static and altimeter system tests were performed at the annual inspection.

COMMUNICATIONS

The Safety Board investigator listened to a re-recording of the communications between the aircraft and Monterey TRACON. The pilot's voice was composed and the tone resembled routine communications. Cabin background noise was audible and was a smooth, uniform, humming sound resembling that of two operating, synchronized engines.

Inbound Flight Communications

The Safety Board investigator listened to a re-recording of communications between the pilot and Monterey Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON - Monterey Approach) and Monterey Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT - Monterey Tower) during his arrival at Monterey from Carson City. The audio tape recording was provided by the FAA's Southwest Region Quality Assurance Office. Times stated are based upon the stated starting time of the recording and elapsed time.

The pilot initially contacted approach control at 1009, and reported at 3,400 feet (msl). The controller asked if the pilot had (ATIS) information x-ray and the pilot replied "with information x-ray, yes." He was instructed to proceed via Moss Landing and Highway 1 to left base for runway 10R. At 1012, the controller pointed out traffic to the pilot and, in his reply the pilot asked "Monterey is now VFR?" The controller replied that the Monterey weather was ceiling 1,100-foot overcast. At 1015, the controller transmitted "three four x-ray would you prefer to proceed direct to the airport, looks like you're over Salinas now?" The pilot replied "we're kinda on top here." The controller asked the pilot what his intentions were, and the pilot requested radar vectors to Monterey and repeated "we're kinda on top here." The controller then said that both Monterey and Salinas had overcast cloud ceilings and asked the pilot how he intended to land at Monterey. The pilot replied "three, four x-ray, request special VFR." The controller replied "three, four x-ray special VFR will not help you descend through clouds, it's overcast at Monterey." The pilot then requested and received radar vectors for an instrument landing system (ILS) approach to runway 10R. At 1025, as the pilot was vectored to intercept the ILS final approach course and was cleared to execute the ILS approach, the controller transmitted "twin cessna three four x-ray low altitude alert, check your altitude immediately, your supposed to be one-thousand, seven-hundred when you intercept the glideslope." The pilot replied "that came in broken, say again three four x-ray." The controller replied "twin cessna three four x-ray low altitude alert, check your altitude immediately, start a climb." The pilot replied "three four x-ray has the field in sight." The controller repeated "three four x-ray low altitude alert." The controller next transmitted "three four x-ray, altitude for intercepting the glideslope is one-thousand seven-hundred feet, I'm showing you one-thousand, four-hundred." The pilot replied "three four x-ray correcting, I have the airport in sight". The controller then transmitted "three four x-ray roger, I just need you to be on the glideslope, whether you see the airport or not is immaterial at this point." At 1026, the controller transmitted "twin cessna three four x-ray, looks like you're altitude is good now, are you intercepting the glideslope without difficulty?" The pilot replied "uh, three four x-ray, uh." At this time, the approach controller contacted the Monterey tower controller on the land-line and said "twin cessna three four x-ray may need a little special help," which the tower controller acknowledged. At 1027, the approach controller transmitted "twin cessna three four x-ray contact the tower one, one, eight, point four, are you intercepting the glideslope alright?" The pilot replied "three four x-ray affirmative I have the airport in sight, correcting." The pilot contacted the tower at 1027, and was cleared to land. At 1029, the tower cleared the aircraft to taxi to parking at Del Monte Aviation.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The accident site was on a south-southwesterly-facing mountain slope in the coastal mountain range, 7 miles southeast of the Monterey Peninsula airport. The position was at latitude 36 degrees 30.9 minutes north and longitude 121 degrees 44.4 minutes west (GPS). The elevation was 1,700 feet mean sea level (msl, GPS). The local mountain slope was about 45 degrees downward to the south and southwest, and the mountainside was densely populated with shrubs, typically 5-6 feet in height. To the north and northeast of the site the mountain rose steeply to a ridgeline at about 2,000 feet msl. The Carmel Valley, extending east-west to the coast, was visible at the base of the mountain about 1 mile to the south and southwest. The city of C

NTSB Probable Cause

The in-flight loss of control of the airplane in instrument meteorological conditions for undetermined reasons.