NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On June 9, 2014, about 2158 eastern daylight time, a Cessna 172S, N5524L, experienced a partial loss of engine power and impacted the ground during the initial climb after takeoff from Daytona Beach International Airport, Daytona Beach (DAB), Florida. The flight instructor and the private pilot receiving instruction were fatally injured, and the airplane was destroyed by impact forces and a postcrash fire. The airplane was registered to Bravo Leasing LLC and operated by Phoenix East Aviation, under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91, as an instructional flight. Night, visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the flight and no flight plan was filed.

The airplane was operated by Phoenix East Aviation flight school and based at DAB. The flight instructor was conducting a night proficiency flight for the private pilot, who was training for his commercial pilot certificate. A review of the pilots training logs revealed that this was the third instructional flight with the flight instructor.

A review of the air traffic control voice transcription revealed that the call sign for the accident airplane was Phoenix 35 (PX35). At 2145, PX35 was cleared for a full stop or touch-and-go landing on runway 7L, at the pilot's discretion. One of the pilots then replied that they would perform a touch-and-go landing. The airplane was subsequently instructed to follow another airplane in the traffic pattern and cleared for a second full stop or touch-and-go landing, about 2153. PX35 acknowledged the air traffic control request and approximately 3 minutes later requested to return to land. This was the last transmission made by PX35.

A DAB airport employee observed the accident from a vehicle on the taxiway. He stated that the airplane performed a touch-and-go landing, and then experienced a series of engine "backfires," followed by an audible loss of rpm during the subsequent initial climb. The airplane struggled to gain altitude and speed as it continued on an easterly heading, and reached a maximum altitude of 250 to 300 feet above the ground. He then observed the airplane's right wing dip, followed by a left turn, and an immediate stall. The airplane entered a nose-down descent and disappeared behind a tree line. He drove in the direction of the airplane and located it off of the airport property engulfed in flames.

Another witness reported that she observed the airplane fly over the tree line. It looked as if the pilot was turning back towards the airport, when the airplane entered an "aerodynamic stall," and then impacted the ground.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The certificated flight instructor (CFI), age 22, held a CFI certificate with ratings for airplane single-engine land, multiengine land, and instrument airplane issued on December 10, 2013. She reported that her flight experience included 960 total hours, and 320 hours in last six months, at the time of her most recent Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) first-class medical examination, which was performed on January 28, 2014. Pages of the CFI's logbook were discovered within the cockpit and were destroyed by the postcrash fire. A review of flight school records revealed that the CFI had accumulated about 1,170 total flight hours, of which 101 hours were flown at night.

The pilot receiving instruction, age 22, held a private pilot certificate with a rating for airplane single-engine land. A review of his flight training records revealed that he had 139 total flight hours, 63 hours as pilot-in-command, and 14 hours within the 90 days that preceded the accident. It was also noted that he had logged approximately 12 hours of night flight experience. The pilot receiving instruction held an FAA first-class medical certificate, which was issued on October 11, 2012. His logbook was discovered within the cockpit and was destroyed by the postcrash fire.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The four-seat, high-wing airplane, serial number 172S11378, was manufactured in 2014. It was powered by a Lycoming model IO-360-L2A, 180-horsepower engine equipped with McCauley 1A170E propeller. A review of maintenance logbook records showed a 100-hour inspection was completed on June 4, 2014, about 5 hours prior to the accident. At the time of the inspection, the airplane had been operated for about 100 total hours since new.

Another company flight instructor reported that the airplane experienced a rough running engine and a loss of 400 rpm on climb out while conducting a touch-and-go landing on June 6, 2014. The airplane was taken out of service and inspected. The spark plugs were removed, and no defects were noted. An engine run-up was conducted and a normal rpm drop was noted. A magneto check was conducted and was reported as "good." After the inspection was completed, the airplane was returned to service. It was subsequently flown on an instructional flight during the morning of the accident, without any discrepancies noted.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

The reported weather at DAB, elevation of 34 feet, included wind from 160 degrees at 3 knots, 10 statute miles visibility, few clouds at 4,500 feet above ground level (agl), temperature 27 degrees Celsius (C); dew point 22 degrees C, and an altimeter setting of 29.97 inches of mercury.

WRECKAGE INFORMATION

The accident site was located about 220 feet south of the runway 7R centerline in an open field. The airplane came to rest in a flat, upright attitude, on a heading of about 060 degrees magnetic. The cockpit, cabin, instrument panel and instruments were consumed by fire.

Examination of the left wing revealed that the outboard section was buckled, and the wing was shifted forward. Examination of the flap revealed that it was in the retracted position. The aileron remained attached at one of the two attachment points and was buckled. Flight control cable continuity was established to the cockpit flight controls. The fuel tank was fire-damaged and the fuel cap was secure.

Examination of the right wing revealed that the outboard section of the wing was buckled and fire-damaged. The flap was in the retracted position and fire-damaged. The aileron remained attached and was fire-damaged. Flight control cable continuity was established to the cockpit flight controls. The fuel tank was fire-damaged and fuel cap was secure.

The empennage aft of the rear window was buckled. The vertical and horizontal stabilizers remained attached to empennage. The right horizontal stabilizer was buckled. The rudder remained attached to the vertical stabilizer and the control cables were traced to the cockpit. The elevators remained attached to the horizontal stabilizers and control cable continuity was confirmed to the cockpit flight controls.

Examination of the engine revealed that it was heavily fire-damaged. The oil sump was breached and fire-damaged. The rear mounted accessories were destroyed by fire. The engine was partially dissembled to facilitate further examination. The connecting rods rotated freely on the crankshaft rod journals. No damage was noted to the camshaft or lifters. The rear main bearing exhibited fire damage, but no rotational scoring or wiping. The cylinders were removed and no damage was noted on the valves or in the valve guides. When the valves were compressed they moved freely in the valve guides. No damage was noted within the cylinders.

Examination of the fuel injector servo revealed that it was impact-separated from the engine and fire-damaged. The servo rubber diaphragms were fire-damaged. No debris was noted within the fuel inlet screen. The flow divider remained attached to the engine. The rubber diaphragm was melted and air passed freely through the fuel injector lines. Examination of the fuel injector nozzles noted that they were unobstructed. No fuel was observed in the engine fuel lines or its components. Examination of the spark plugs revealed that when compared to the Champion Aviation Check-A-Plug chart, they displayed normal signatures. The magnetos and ignition harnesses were destroyed by fire.

The propeller remained attached to the engine crankshaft flange. The crankshaft flange was impact-separated from the crankshaft. The propeller and flange were located in front of the engine, and both blades displayed chordwise scoring.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

An autopsy was performed on the CFI by the Office of the Medical Examiner, Daytona Beach, Florida.

Forensic toxicology was performed on specimens from the CFI, by the FAA Bioaeronautical Sciences Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The toxicology report stated that no carbon monoxide was detected in blood (cavity), no ethanol was detected in vitreous, and no drugs were detected in the urine.

An autopsy was performed on the pilot receiving instruction by the Office of the Medical Examiner, Daytona Beach, Florida.

Forensic toxicology was performed on specimens from the pilot receiving instruction, by the FAA Bioaeronautical Sciences Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The toxicology report stated that no carbon monoxide was detected in the blood cavity and no ethanol was detected in vitreous.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (marihuana) in concentrations of 0.00136 (ug/ml, ug/g) was detected in the blood cavity. Tetrahydrocannabinol Carboxylic Acid (marihuana) in concentrations of 0.0484 (ug/ml, ug/g) was detected in the urine. Tetrahydrocannabinol Carboxylic Acid (marihuana) in concentrations of 0.0021 (ug/ml, ug/g) was detected in the blood cavity.

NTSB Probable Cause

A partial loss of engine power during the initial climb after takeoff for reasons that could not be determined due to the postaccident condition of the wreckage. Contributing to the accident was the pilots' decision to turn back to the airport, which led to the airplane exceeding its critical angle-of-attack and experiencing an aerodynamic stall while maneuvering.