NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On July 1, 2014, about 1730 central daylight time, an Air Tractor AT-602, N91331, operated by Shannon Agricultural Flying, Inc., was destroyed when it impacted a bean field in Clarksdale, Mississippi. The commercial pilot was fatally injured. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and the airplane, which departed Shannon Field (02CD), Clarksdale, Mississippi, was not operating on a flight plan. The local aerial application flight was conducted under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 137.

According to company personnel and onboard GPS data, the airplane was applying fertilizer in both directions in an east-west race track pattern. After completing each leg, the airplane would make a 20- to 30-degree left turn, followed by a right turn to reverse course and fly the next track. The GPS track indicated that the airplane was on its fourth circuit, with the data ending prior to the final turn.

A witness on his lawn mower noticed the airplane when it flew over his property about 150 feet above the ground. He heard the airplane's engine running over the sound of the mower, and saw the airplane turn right, to the north, and the wings go vertical. The airplane then impacted the ground, and when it did, the witness saw smoke and fertilizer being ejected upwards. The witness then went to the wreckage and found the pilot unresponsive.

PILOT INFORMATION

The pilot, age 58, held commercial pilot certificate with an airplane single engine land rating. His latest FAA second class medical certificate was issued February 27, 2014. The latest flight time logged by the pilot indicated 12,051 hours of flight time with 4,358 hours in airplane make and model.

A calendar with recorded Hobbs times for each flight was found in the wreckage. For the day preceding the accident, the pilot logged five events for a total of 8.2 hours of airplane operation. On the day of the accident, prior to the accident flight, the pilot logged six events for a total of 6.3 hours of airplane operation. The Hobbs meter after the accident flight indicated an additional 0.3 hours.

AIRPLANE INFORMATION

The low-wing, conventional landing gear (tail dragger) agricultural application airplane was powered by a Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-60AG engine driving a Hartzell five-bladed, hydraulically operated, constant speed propeller with feathering and reversing capabilities. Oil pressure from the propeller governor was used to move the blades to the low pitch direction. Blade-mounted counterweights and feathering springs would have actuated the blades towards the high pitch direction in the absence of governor oil pressure. The propeller incorporated a Beta mechanism that actuated when blade angles were lower than the flight idle position. The blades were of aluminum construction, and the hub and blade clamps were steel. Propeller rotation was clockwise as viewed from the rear.

The airplane's latest annual inspection was recorded on November 25, 2013, at 5,200 hours of operating time.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

Weather, recorded at an airport about 10 nautical miles to the north, at 1735, included clear skies, wind form 200 degrees true at 9 knots, temperature 32 degrees C, dew point 24 degrees true, altimeter setting 29.90 inches Hg.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The initial impact occurred on flat terrain in the vicinity of 34 degrees north, 06.34 minutes north latitude, 090 degrees, 34.26 minutes west longitude, at an elevation of about 160 feet. The wreckage path, which began with green lens material, included airplane parts centered along an almost straight line, about 360 degrees magnetic. Approximately 75 feet beyond the initial impact point, there was a 3-foot-deep, 10-foot-long crater with the propeller hub and four of the five propeller blades partially embedded at its right edge. Beginning about 20 feet beyond the crater was the fifth propeller blade and the rest of the airplane.

The airplane was fractured into multiple sections and pieces, with all flight control surfaces located at the scene. The cockpit and rollover structure were intact. Flight control continuity was confirmed via the control cables from the cockpit to the rudder and elevator, and through push rod and bellcrank fractures to the ailerons.

After the airplane's removal to a storage facility, the engine was partially disassembled. Soil was found in the gas generator case and throughout the combustion section. The compressor turbine blade tips exhibited smearing and the turbine shroud exhibited corresponding circumferential rubbing. The compressor disc outer rim exhibited circumferential rubbing with frictional heat discoloration and material in the vicinity of the 1st stage power turbine vane ring and baffle. The findings were all consistent with the engine being under power at impact.

Of the five propeller blades, Nos. 1 through 3 remained attached to the hub via the clamps, and Nos. 4 and 5 were fractured off the hub. The latter two blades left witness marks on the hub. Those two marks and a cylinder-to-piston contact mark were consistent with propeller pitch being in the normal operating range and not feathered upon ground impact.

MEDICAL AND PATHLOGICAL INFORMATION

An autopsy of the pilot was conducted at the Mississippi State Medical Examiner's Office, Jackson Mississippi, where cause of death was reported as "multiple blunt force injuries." Toxicological testing was conducted by the FAA, Forensic Toxicology

Research Team, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, with no anomalies noted.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

According to FAA-H-8083-25, "Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge," Chapter 3, "The stalling speed of an airplane is higher in a level turn than in straight-and-level flight. This is because centrifugal force is added to the airplane's weight, and the wing must produce sufficient additional lift to counterbalance the load imposed by the combination of centrifugal force and weight. In a turn, the necessary additional lift is acquired by applying back pressure to the elevator control. This increases the wing's angle of attack, and results in increased lift. The angle of attack must increase as angle of bank increases to counteract the increasing load caused by centrifugal force. If at any time during the turn the attack of attack becomes excessive, the airplane will stall."

The Handbook further notes: "At the point of stall when the upward force of the wing's lift and the downward tail force cease, an unbalanced condition exists. This allows the airplane to pitch down abruptly, rotating about its center of gravity."

According to FAA-H-8083-3a, "Airplane Flying Handbook," Chapter 4, "At the same gross weight, airplane configuration, and power setting, a given airplane will consistently stall at the same indicated airspeed if no acceleration is involved. The airplane will, however, stall at a higher indicated airspeed when excessive maneuvering loads are imposed by steep turns, pull-ups, or other abrupt changes in its flight path. Stalls entered from such flight situations are called "accelerated maneuver stalls, a term, which has no reference to the airspeeds involved."

In addition, "Stalls which result from abrupt maneuvers tend to be more rapid, or severe, than the unaccelerated stalls, and because they occur at higher-than-normal airspeeds,

and/or may occur at lower than anticipated pitch attitudes, they may be unexpected."

NTSB Probable Cause

The pilot's failure to maintain adequate airspeed during a low-level, high angle-of-bank turn, which resulted in an exceedance of the critical angle of attack and a subsequent accelerated stall.