NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On June 7, 2014, about 0700 mountain daylight time, an experimental light sport North Wing Apache Sport, N2804P, collided with terrain following takeoff from Polson Airport, Polson, Montana. The weight-shift-control trike was registered to a private party and operated by the pilot under the provisions of 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91. The private pilot sustained fatal injuries. The aircraft was destroyed during the accident sequence. The local flight departed Polson about 0658. Visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed.

The owner of the trike stated that it was originally equipped with a Mustang III 19 meter wing, which he had determined was larger than needed. Therefore, he ordered a 15-meter wing, which was scheduled to arrive in 8 weeks. The accident pilot owned a similarly equipped trike with floats, and asked the owner if he could use the 19-meter wing, and in the interim give him his 16-meter wing to use while he waited for the 15-meter wing to arrive. The owner agreed, and the day before the accident, the pilot flew the trike for about 20 to 30 minutes with the original 19-meter wing installed.

Later that night, after dinner, they both spent the evening in the hangar assembling and attaching the 16-meter wing, completing the installation by 2300. They reviewed the installation, and the pilot said he would test fly the trike in the morning, cautiously takeoff, and fly low over the runway while ascertaining the handling characteristics. If it could be controlled safely, he would then continue the climb and perform practice maneuvers.

The owner observed the takeoff on the morning of the accident, reporting that the trike rotated from runway 36, and then climbed in a controlled manner. The climb progressed as the trike began turning left, and then left again onto a left downwind leg. When it reached midfield, it turned left and crossed over the runway heading east over the fairgrounds. He felt that the trike was performing as expected, and appeared to be under control.

A short time later, it began a steep 360-degree turn. The owner was initially not concerned because the pilot had a habit of performing tight descending turns. The pilot also stated that he had lots of experience flying the wing, and was able to "just corkscrew [the wing] down to the ground."

The turn continued, progressing into a "corkscrew" descent. The owner began to become concerned, and was hoping to see the ballistic recovery parachute deploy but it did not, and the aircraft disappeared out of his view. He estimated the aircraft made between 6-8 revolutions during the descent. He surmised that there was plenty of time and altitude to pull the ballistic recovery parachute, and he could not work out why the pilot didn't do so.

Another witness, located in a recreational vehicle park adjoining the east side of the airport, observed an "ultralight" aircraft flying from the direction of the airport at an altitude that seemed appropriate based on his prior observations of departing aircraft. He initially thought it was his friend flying, and waved to him. He observed the pilot's arm moving, and assumed that he was waving back. The aircraft continued, and then initiated a steep and rapid banking turn, which quickly progressed into a spin. The aircraft continued spiraling until it descended and out of his view. Another witness, located in a boatyard east of the runway recounted similar observations, reporting that the initial turn was so aggressive that he could see the complete profile of the aircraft; he surmised that the bank angle was between 45 and 60 degrees, and that the engine was operating a high power setting throughout. He continued to watch as the turn transitioned into a spiraling descent, with the engine still operating. It passed out of his view behind a trailer, and as he ran towards the location he heard a thud.

None of the witness observed the ballistic recovery parachute deploying.

The aircraft came to rest in the northwest corner of a recreational vehicle park, about 1,800 ft east of the runway midfield position. The debris field was about 30 ft long, with the first point of impact consisting of a 1 ft wide excavation in the grass, followed 15 ft further downrange by a 4 ft wide by 10 ft long soil excavation. Fragmented fuselage components along with the nose wheel assembly were distributed to the main wreckage. The trike came to rest inverted, and partially covered by the wing, which was upright. The pilot had become ejected from the wreckage, and was located adjacent to the wing. His helmet, which was a Lynx Avionics Micro model, was located intact and unbuckled, just beyond the main debris field.

AIRPLANE INFORMATION

Construction of the trike, serial number JENSEN761944, was completed in September 2005, and in January 2008, it was issued a special airworthiness certificate as an experimental operating light-sport weight-shift-control aircraft. The basis for issuance was for an existing aircraft without an airworthiness certificate that did not meet the criteria for Federal Aviation Regulations Part 103.1. At the time of the application, the owner reported a total airframe flight time of 72 hours.

It had originally been equipped with a Rotax 503 UL DCDI, 50-horsepower, 2-cylinder, 2-stroke engine. Five months and 6.25 flight hours after issuance of the certificate, the engine was removed and replaced with a Rotax 912 UL, 80-horsepower, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke engine, serial number 4407754. The logbook indicated that the trike then underwent a series of Phase 1 flight tests, totaling 5.8 hours. The logbook documented a new gross weight of 1,097 pounds, with an empty weight of 512 pounds, and that a North Wing MP 17 was being utilized.

On April 26, 2012, a North Wing GT5 wing was installed, and on October 4, 2013, a North Wing Mustang III 19 meter wing was installed at the same time the trike underwent its last annual inspection. The wing was then replaced by a North Wing GT5 wing on November 15, 2013, after which the trike underwent a series of Phase 1 flight tests totaling 5.1 hours. As of the annual inspection, the trike's total flight time since issuance of its airworthiness certificate was about 90 hours.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

The 62-year-old male pilot was issued a private pilot certificate with ratings for airplane single-engine land in 1973, which he upgraded to a multiengine rating in 1983. He reported 975 total flight hours as of his last medical examination, on December 23, 2009. At that time he was 67 inches tall and weighed 191 lbs. A flight logbook for the pilot was not located; however, the trike's owner stated that the pilot had been flying weight-shift aircraft for many years.

Review of the pilot's prior medical certificate applications revealed a history of high blood pressure, and in 2004 he had been diagnosed with coronary artery disease, which required the placement of a stent.

In 2009, the pilot reported medications including aspirin, enalapril, hydrochlorothiazide, and atorvastatin, and subsequently his certificate was initially deferred. After a review of personal medical records he was issued a third-class special issuance medical certificate, limited by the need to have glasses available for near vision. It was marked, "Not valid for any class after 12/31/2011." FAA regulations do not require a current medical certificate to operate light sport aircraft, as long the most recent medical certificate has not been suspended or revoked.

According to the FAA medical review, the pilot passed a stress thallium test in 2009 and an exercise stress test in 2010; since the pilot did not renew his medical certificate, there is no further clinical information regarding his coronary artery disease.

Enalapril is a prescription medication used to treat high blood pressure. Hydrochlorothiazide is a mild diuretic used to treat high blood pressure and conditions that cause fluid retention, and atorvastatin is a cholesterol lowering agent.

Autopsy

An autopsy was performed by the Forensic Science Division, Department of Justice, State of Montana. According to the autopsy report, the cause of death was blunt force injuries and the manner of death was accident.

In addition, the pathologist noted abnormalities of the heart. The posterior descending coronary artery was supplied by the right coronary artery and a stent was identified in the proximal right coronary artery. The remainder of the coronary arteries had areas of atherosclerosis producing no greater than 25-50% stenosis. A subendocardial 0.5 cm white fibrous scar was identified in the inferior wall of the left ventricle. The rest of the heart exam was unremarkable.

Toxicology testing performed by the FAA's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) identified the following:

> Atenolol and tamsulosin detected in muscle and liver.

> Zolpidem detected in blood and liver.

> Hydrocodone in liver (0.037 ug/g) and blood (0.164 ug/ml) along with its metabolite dihydrocodeine in liver but not in blood.

> Tramadol in vitreous (2.918 ug/ml), brain (7.251 ug/g), blood (14.469 ug/ml), liver (26.948 ug/g), and gastric contents (336.45 ug/ml), along with its active metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in blood, gastric contents, and vitreous.

Atenolol, a prescription medication often marketed with the name Tenormin, is a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure and prevent recurrent heart attacks.

Tamsulosin, a prescription medication often marketed with the name Flomax, is used to treat the symptoms of an enlarged prostate.

Zolpidem is a sedative used to treat insomnia, commonly marketed with the name Ambien, and is a Schedule IV controlled substance.

Hydrocodone, often marketed as Lortab and Vicodin, is an opioid analgesic used to treat severe pain and available by prescription as a Schedule II controlled substance. Typical therapeutic levels of hydrocodone are between 0.01 and 0.05 ug/ml.

Tramadol, marketed with the names Ultram and Ultracet, is also an opioid analgesic available by prescription as a Schedule IV controlled substance. Typical therapeutic levels of tramadol are between 0.05 and 0.50 ug/ml.

Both hydrocodone and tramadol carry a warning about impairment in mental and/or physical ability required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks (e.g., driving, operating heavy machinery). In addition, tramadol carries an additional warning about the risk of seizures, "Seizures have been reported in patients receiving tramadol within the recommended dosage range. Spontaneous post-marketing reports indicate that seizure risk is increased with doses of tramadol above the recommended range. Concomitant use of tramadol increases the seizure risk in patients taking...Other opioids."

TESTS AND RESEARCH

The primary airframe components and wing components sustained crush damage, with most members exhibiting buckling, bending, or fracturing failures consistent with ground impact.

The trike mast remained fixed at a hang point position 54 inches from the keel nose plate, and did not display any indications of movement. This distance appeared appropriate when compared to the Mustang III 15 meter wing specifications, which called for 54 inches +/- 1.5 inches.

The wing canvas material was intact, except for a 16-inch-long tear adjacent to the center crossbar junction. The leading edge tubes were intact, and the wing cross bar's had both split midspan. All wing ribs were intact within their pockets, and both the cross tubes and the kingpost were intact. The control bar was bent about 30 degrees midspan, and both of the control frame vertical struts had separated midspan. The keel tube had separated into three sections, about 2 ft forward and 3 ft aft of the mast. All cables were intact at their respective fittings, with the exception of the cable connecting the right side of lower control frame to the aft end of the keel. This cable separated at the swage on the control bar, and exhibited "cup and cone" failure signatures to each wire consistent with an overload (impact) failure.

The wing was marked, "North Wing - APEX", and no serial or model number was found. According to a representative from North Wing, the wing was a model manufactured under previous ownership, and was designed for a smaller, single-place trike application with a gross weight limit of about 850 pounds. The representative stated that the mast position of 54 inches was appropriate.

The engine remained attached to the airframe, and did not exhibit any indications of catastrophic failure. The three bladed composite propeller remained attached to its hub at the engine gearbox. One blade had fractured midspan, and remained partially attached. Both the remaining blades exhibited leading edge nicks. The fuel tank was ruptured, and according to the owner, contained about 12 gallons of fuel at takeoff. The pilot was in the front seat.

The ballistic recovery parachute activation handle had become detached from the airframe, was in the undeployed position, and its lockout safety pin was not present. The activating cable sustained damaged to its outer sheeting, presumably during the impact sequence, and the rocket appeared to have been fired from the launch tube, partially extracting the parachute from the canister. The attachment bridles remained tied in place on the airframe structural members. The damage was consistent with a parachute deployment during the impact sequence when the activation cable and handle became detached from the airframe. A warning on the activation handle stated that the engine must be shut off before deploying the parachute.

NTSB Probable Cause

The pilot’s loss of airplane control during initial climb due to his experiencing an incapacitating medical event.