NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On August 21, 2004, approximately 2358 Pacific daylight time, a Bell 407 helicopter, N2YN, operating as an air ambulance flight, impacted mountainous terrain in cruise flight and was destroyed about 27 nautical miles (NM) southwest of Battle Mountain, Nevada. The airline transport pilot, the two medical crewmembers, the infant patient being transported and the patient's mother, were fatally injured. The helicopter was operated by Jeflyn Aviation, Inc., of Boise, Idaho, dba Access Air. The purpose of the Title 14 CFR Part 135 flight was to transport the infant patient from Battle Mountain Hospital to Washoe Medical Center in Reno, Nevada. Dark night visual meteorological conditions prevailed for the 2338 departure from Battle Mountain Hospital. A company flight plan was filed.

According to Access Air personnel, the pilot reported for duty approximately 1930 at the company base located on the Elko Regional Airport in Elko, Nevada. At 2221, through Elko's Central Dispatch Authority (Elko Dispatch), Battle Mountain Hospital requested Access Air to transfer an 11-day-old infant patient to Reno. According to Elko Dispatch records, the helicopter departed Elko en route to Battle Mountain at 2237.

The helicopter landed on the pad at Battle Mountain Hospital approximately 2300. According to the grandmother of the infant patient, the nurse and paramedic went into the hospital and the pilot stayed with the helicopter. The nurse and paramedic spoke with her daughter, the infant's mother, and the grandmother overheard one of them say to her, "it is going to be a little bit rocky up there." The grandmother watched them board the helicopter and reported that her daughter was seated on a stretcher with an orange box behind her holding her infant in her arms. She also reported that the helicopter crew gave her daughter a headset to wear and told her that she could talk unless they asked her to be quiet. The grandmother watched the helicopter depart and stated that there were no unusual or strong winds at the time.

At 2338, the pilot reported his departure from Battle Mountain Hospital to Lander County dispatch and stated that his estimated time en route to Reno was 1 hour 20 minutes. (Battle Mountain is located in Lander County.) There were no further radio communications from the helicopter. The USAF 84th Radar Evaluation Squadron provided radar data which shows about 4 minutes of the helicopter's flight, beginning at 2344:51. The last radar return was at 2348:40, approximately 17 NM northeast of the accident site. The data shows the helicopter flying a magnetic course of about 232 degrees. The radar data are consistent with the helicopter flying a route commonly used by the operator, direct from Battle Mountain Hospital to Derby Field Airport, Lovelock, Nevada, then direct Washoe Medical Center in Reno.

The helicopter did not arrive at Washoe Medical Center, a search was initiated, and the wreckage of the helicopter was located on the morning of August 22, 2004. The accident site was along the direct course line from Battle Mountain Hospital to Derby Field Airport in Lovelock. The helicopter impacted rugged mountainous terrain on the eastern slope of the Tobin Range in Pershing County at a Global Positioning System (GPS) location of 40 degrees 27.147 minutes North, 117 degrees 29.517 minutes West, and an elevation of approximately 8,600 feet.

PILOT INFORMATION

The pilot held an airline transport pilot certificate with an airplane multi-engine land rating, a Learjet type rating and commercial privileges in single engine land airplanes and helicopters. He was helicopter instrument rated. Additionally, he was a certified flight instructor with airplane single and multi-engine land and instrument airplane ratings. His most recent second class medical certificate was issued on February 2, 2004, with the restriction must wear corrective lenses.

According to a resume he provided to Access Air, the pilot received his helicopter flight training in the US Army. He served in the Army from October 1971 to November 1987 as a helicopter pilot in various positions including Medevac, VIP, Instructor Pilot and Instrument Flight Examiner. During this time period, he flew in the Republic of Korea, South Vietnam, Europe and the continental US in OH-58 and UH-1H helicopters. After leaving active duty, he entered the Alabama Army National Guard and from May 1988 to January 2000, he served as a pilot and instrument flight examiner in UH-1H and UH-60 helicopters. His total flight experience in military helicopters listed on the resume was 6,052 hours.

From November 1996 to November 1999, the pilot was employed flying Bell 206 and Sikorsky S-76 helicopters offshore in the Gulf of Mexico. His total flight experience listed on the resume in Bell 206 series helicopters was 665 hours and in Sikorsky S-76 helicopters was 970 hours. The resume did not indicate any previous experience flying the Bell 407.

The pilot was hired by Access Air in January 2003. He had no previous experience as a pilot for a commercial air ambulance service. He received initial training in the Bell 407 consisting of 16 hours aircraft ground training and 3 hours flight training and was approved to act as pilot in command of this helicopter under 14 CFR Part 135 on January 25, 2003. He received transition training in the Bell 206L3 consisting of 5 hours aircraft ground training and 1.2 hours flight training and was approved to act as pilot in command of this helicopter under 14 CFR Part 135 on March 30, 2003. He completed recurrent training for the Bell 407 on February 20, 2004, and for the Bell 206L3 on April 14, 2004.

During his first full year with Access Air, the pilot flew 116 hours, 91 hours in the Bell 407 and 25 hours in the Bell 206L3. A pilot information sheet completed by the pilot on January 24, 2004, indicated that he had a total flight time of 8,948 hours including 2,208 hours instrument flight time and 934 hours night flight time. From January 2004 to the day of the accident, the pilot accumulated an additional 87 hours with Access Air. Assuming these 87 hours were all in the Bell 407, at the time of the accident, the pilot had accumulated 178 hours flight time in the Bell 407, with 32 hours in the past 90 days and 9 hours in the past 30 days.

According to the manager of Access Air's Elko base, the duty schedule for the pilots was 7 days on, working 12 hour shifts, followed by 7 days off. The pilots worked day shift for 7 days, had 7 days off, and then worked night shift for 7 days. The day shift was from 7:30 am to 7:30 pm, and the night shift was from 7:30 pm to 7:30 am. The accident flight occurred on the third day of the pilot's week working the night shift. On the first day of his work week, he made one 0.2-hour flight. He made no flights on the second day of his work week. The accident flight was his first flight on the third day of his work week. According to the manager, the pilot did not have another job, and he would go home during the day when he was working the night shift. The pilot's residence was in Spring Creek, Nevada, located about 13 miles from the Elko Airport.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The 1998 model Bell 407 helicopter, S/N 53239, was powered by one 650-horsepower Rolls Royce Corporation turbo-shaft 250-C47B engine, S/N CAE 847259, driving a four bladed main rotor system and a two bladed tail rotor. The helicopter was equipped with the instruments required for flight under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) listed in FAR 91.205. It was also equipped with a Garmin GNC-250XL GPS/COM. This unit had no capability to show terrain on a moving map display.

Examination of the helicopter's maintenance records revealed that it received its most recent annual inspection on April 14, 2004, at an airframe total time of 2,143.5 hours and an engine total time of 2,056.4 hours. The most recent transponder test required by FAR 91.413 and the most recent altimeter and static system test required by FAR 91.411 were performed on March 31, 2004. The most recent inspection was an airframe 100 hour inspection and an engine 150 hour inspection completed on August 5, 2004, at an airframe total time of 2,329.6 hours and an engine total time of 2,242.5 hours. When the accident occurred, the helicopter had been flown approximately 31 hours since this inspection. At the time of this inspection, the engine was removed "to replace the engine gearbox for metal generation." In addition to changing the engine gearbox, the turbine section was also changed, and the engine was reinstalled on the helicopter.

Review of the daily maintenance report sheets for the helicopter from July 1, 2004, to the date of the accident revealed no listings of any uncorrected maintenance discrepancies. The single corrected maintenance discrepancy listed for this time period was entered on July 23, 2004, and stated, "eng[ine] chip light illuminated in flight, landed with[out] further incident." The corrective action for this discrepancy was the engine maintenance completed on August 5, 2004.

According to the day shift pilot who flew the helicopter on a 3 hour flight on the day of the accident, he experienced no problems with the aircraft. The day shift pilot mentioned the recent engine work performed on the helicopter and stated that the engine was "making lots of power and running good."

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

The two closest Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) to the accident location were the Winnemucca (KWMC), Nevada, and Lovelock (KLOL), Nevada, stations. KWMC was approximately 31 NM from the accident site on a bearing of 331 degrees, and KLOL was about 54 NM away at 245 degrees. The elevations of KWMC and KLOL are roughly 4,300 feet and 3,900 feet, respectively. Additionally, a Remote Automated Weather Station (SIAN2) was 8 NM southwest of the accident site on a heading of 238 degrees; however, this station does not provide sky coverage, visibility data, or present weather information (e.g. rain, snow, thunderstorm, etc.). The elevation of SIAN2 is 4,600 feet. Data from these three stations surrounding the time of the accident are provided below.

KWMC:

Time - 2256; wind - 230 degrees at 8 knots; visibility - 6 miles; weather - haze; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 24 degrees Celsius (C); dew point temperature - 4 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.96 inches of Mercury (in Hg).

Time - 2356; wind - 170 degrees at 8 knots; visibility - 10 miles; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 23 degrees C; dew point temperature - 6 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.97 in Hg.

Time - 0056 on August 22; wind - 170 degrees at 10 knots; visibility - 10 miles; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 22 degrees C; dew point temperature - 6 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.96 in Hg.

KLOL:

Time - 2253; wind - 210 degrees at 8 knots; visibility - 10 miles; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 23 degrees C; dew point temperature - 10 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.98 in Hg.

Time - 2353; wind - calm; visibility - 10 miles; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 22 degrees C; dew point temperature - 11 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.96 in Hg.

Time - 0053 on August 22; wind - 120 degrees at 6 knots; visibility - 10 miles; sky condition - clear below 12,000 feet; temperature - 18 degrees C; dew point temperature - 10 degrees C; altimeter setting - 29.95 in Hg.

SIAN2:

Time - 2230; wind - south at 13 knots, gusts to 24 knots; temperature - 23 degrees C; dew point temperature - 7 degrees C.

Time - 2330; wind - south-southeast at 9 knots, gusts to 23 knots; temperature - 23 degrees C; dew point temperature - 5 degrees C.

Time - 0030 on August 22; wind - south at 6 knots, gusts to 14 knots; temperature - 23 degrees C; dew point temperature - 4 degrees C.

A review of AIRMETs issued by the National Weather Service (NWS) indicated that IFR conditions and mountain obscuration were not forecast for the accident area. No significant turbulence was expected except in the vicinity of convective activity.

Two WSR-88Ds (Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler) are located in northern Nevada. The Elko (LRX), Nevada, radar was located about 36 NM away from the accident location at 61 degrees, and the Reno (RGX), Nevada, radar was 100 NM away at 245 degrees. The images from LRX valid at roughly 2229 and 2358 indicated reflectivities ranging from 15 to 20 dBZ southwest of the accident site. Moreover, the RGX images valid at roughly 2231 and 2357 indicated similar reflectivities in the vicinity of the accident site. According to the NWS video integrator and processor (VIP)/dBZ conversion table, reflectivitites of this magnitude correspond to a rainfall rate of 0.01 to 0.02 in/hr.

An infrared image taken at 2345 from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 10 indicated cloud cover over the accident site. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data from the NOAA-17 satellite platform valid at approximately 2247 also indicated cloud cover over the accident site.

According to the U.S. Naval Observatory, the moon set in Battle Mountain at 2238 PDT on August 21, 2004.

The operator had a computer system available at the Elko base for its pilots to use to obtain weather data from the Direct User Access Terminal System (DUATS). The pilots used one common access number to obtain DUATS weather information via Cirrus, a windows-based interface to DUATS. According to DynCorp Systems & Solutions, LLC, a CSC Company ("DynCorp"), the last session using this access number prior to the time of the accident occurred at 0945 on the morning of the accident. The accident pilot was not on duty at this time. The FAA had no record of the pilot obtaining a weather briefing from a Flight Service Station.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The impact site was on a steep east-facing rocky slope directly below a rock outcrop projecting above the ridgeline. The GPS measured altitude of the rock outcrop was 8,684 feet MSL. The slope angle varied from 30 to 60 degrees depending on localized topography. The majority of the wreckage was distributed along a 66-foot-long path with a measured magnetic heading of 230 degrees magnetic. The wreckage and ground surface along and on either side of this axis were sooted and burned. At an elevation of about 8,600 feet, a crushed cluster of airframe components associated with the forward lower fuselage, including both sets of pedals and the pitot tube, was found. This cluster was imbedded in a crevice, and fractured rock, which appeared to have fallen down slope, partially covered the cluster. After excavation, the two sets of pedals were observed to be oriented cross slope and at the same level. The pitot tube was found between the two sets of pedals.

Approximately 20 feet below the forward lower fuselage cluster, on a small ledge, were the unburned, impact damaged front cross tube, portions of both skid tubes, a burned frame of one of the seats, and a crushed landing or search light housing. Approximately 20 feet above the forward lower fuselage cluster, at a measured GPS altitude of 8,619 feet MSL, a crushed and burned cluster of airframe components and wiring associated with the upper main fuselage was found. About 5 feet to the right of this cluster was the blade grip and inboard portion of a main rotor blade that exhibited heavy rotational impact damage, and about 5 feet further right was the forward portion of the tailboom. Rotational witness marks were apparent inside the forward end of the tail rotor drive shaft cover.

Approximately 16 feet farther upslope, at a measured GPS elevation of 8,635 feet, was the largest cluster of wreckage, consisting of portions of the upper fuselage main beam, main transmission, main rotor mast and rotor head, portions of main rotor blades, the engine and associated firewalls, remains of the hydraulic system, and the oil cooler assembly. The upper cluster of wreckage was approximately 10 feet further upslope, and consisted of the aft portion of the tail boom including the 90-degree gearbox and tail rotor a

NTSB Probable Cause

The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from mountainous terrain. Contributing factors were the pilot's improper decision to take the direct route over mountainous terrain, the dark night conditions, and the pressure to complete the mission induced by the pilot as a result of the nature of the EMS mission.