NTSB Factual Report

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On February 12, 1995, at 1721 central standard time (all times in this report will remain central standard time), a Rockwell International 690A, N69TM, was destroyed after impacting terrain during an approach to Wiley Post Municipal Airport, near Guthrie, Oklahoma. The commercial pilot and passenger were fatally injured. The airplane, owned by the pilot's company, was being operated under 14 CFR Part 91 when the accident occurred. The flight originated at Colonel James Jabara Airport, Wichita, Kansas at 1643 and was en route to Wiley Post. An Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight plan was filed and instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) prevailed at the time of the accident.

The aircraft was en route to Wiley Post for planned maintenance which was to be conducted at the Gulfstream Aerospace Technologies Service Center. Additionally, Flight Safety, also located at Wiley Post, reported that the pilot was scheduled for flight simulator refresher training at their Learning Center.

At 1626, the pilot telephoned the Wichita Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) and filed an IFR flight plan from Wichita to Wiley Post and did not request a weather brief. The airplane departed Wichita at 1643. Two minutes after departure, the pilot reported that he "lost" his autopilot and flight director. Wichita Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) asked him if he wanted to continue the flight, or return to Wichita. The pilot advised Wichita ATCT that he was "headed for maintenance right now anyway" and would continue the flight to Wiley Post. He remained on Wichita ATCT frequency until 2251 at which time he was passed to the Kansas City Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) frequency. According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) records, no further in-flight problems were reported by the pilot to Wichita ATCT or to Kansas City ARTCC.

The pilot contacted Oklahoma City Approach Control approximately 1715 and according to radar data, the airplane was descending through 12,800 feet above mean sea level (MSL). Approach control then advised the pilot to "descend at pilot's discretion" to 3,000 feet. After the pilot informed approach that he "broke out" of the clouds at 5,400 feet, the airplane continued to descend to join the localizer approach to Wiley Post. Approximately 1720, the pilot informed approach that he accumulated "some clear and rime" ice during the descent. Thirteen seconds later the pilot made a distress call and stated, "we're in trouble, we're going down." A female voice also transmitting from the airplane stated, "we are in trouble, we are in severe trouble, we're going down."

According to Oklahoma approach radar track data, during the time period from 1712:19 to 1720:10, the airplane descended from 16,700 to 3,700 MSL. During the descent, the airplane decelerated from 268 to 92 knots ground speed. The last radar information, 14 miles southwest of the accident site, at 1720:10, showed the airplane descending through 3,700 feet MSL, at a ground speed of 92 knots, heading 200 degrees.

An eye witness, Randy Erickson, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, reported that he observed the airplane descending prior to ground impact. He stated that the airplane "appeared to be doing tricks." He further stated that "the plane was going up [and] then headed straight down in a spin [and] it appeared that it was trying to pull out when it slammed into the ground."

Another witness, Patty Humphrey, Guthrie, Oklahoma, reported that she "heard a large roar like a plane buzzing right over her house" and "then nothing." She then looked outside and "saw fire and smoke" in a nearby field.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The pilot's logbooks were not recovered; however, an estimate of his total flight time was derived from FAA records.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

A review of the available maintenance records did not reveal any pre-existing anomalies, discrepancies, or defects. The airplane was equipped with an IMC avionics package which included an autopilot with a flight director system. When the airplane was manufactured, equipment required for flight into known icing conditions was installed and certified. Pneumatic boots were installed on the wing and empennage leading edges.

Estimates indicate that the airplane was within the prescribed limits for weight and center of gravity at the time of the accident.

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GEOS) images showed cloud cover along the airplane's route of flight and in the area of the accident. Temperatures in the clouds varied between -2 degrees C to about -9 degrees C. Additionally, an AIRMET for light to moderate rime icing in clouds below 9,000 feet was in effect for the time and area of the accident. The AIRMET indicated icing below 15,000 feet north of the accident site which included the route of flight of the airplane.

In addition to the pilot's report of clear and rime ice to approach control just prior to the accident, the following Pilot Weather Reports are evidence that icing conditions were present in the area of the accident:

Muskogee, Oklahoma (MKO) to Tulsa, Oklahoma (TUL) / time 1700 CST / during descent / type aircraft C-172 / icing moderate to severe 9,000 to 5,000 feet / 1/4 inch accumulation.

TUL is located about 85 nautical miles east-northeast of the accident site.

090 degrees at 30 nautical miles from OKC / time 1717 CST / flight level 8,000 feet / type aircraft PA-34 / icing light mixed 8,000 to 8,500 feet.

Oklahoma City (OKC) is located 21 nautical miles south of the accident site.

A detailed National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Meteorological Factual Report is attached to this document.

COMMUNICATIONS

The following are the transcribed radio transmissions between the airplane and approach control from 1719 to 1720:

1719:23 N69TM "Six nine tango mike we just broke out at uh fifty four hundred."

1719:29 Approach "Nine tango mike thank you and there's nothing underneath ya."

1719:33 N69TM "Just dirt and roads."

1719:36 Approach "Ok advise when you get the airport nine tango mike."

1719:40 N69TM "Ok are we supposed to are we cleared for the approach or what."

1719:45 Approach "Uh well you're going to join uh I can turn you further right to join the localizer your present heading is taking you to about three north it's your choice."

1719:54 N69TM "Ok we'll just present heading is fine."

1719:56 Approach "Ok uh maintain three thousand nine tango mike did you get any icing in the descent."

1920:01 N69TM "Yeah we got some clear some rime."

1920:04 Approach "Ok how would you classify it uh light trace or what."

1920:13 N69TM "(unintelligible) (pilot) in trouble we're in trouble we're going down" .. (female voice) "we are in trouble we are in severe trouble we are going down."

Copies of the transcribed radio communications between the pilot and Air Traffic Control facilities along the route of flight are attached to this report.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

The airplane came to rest in the initial ground scar on a measured heading of 091 degrees magnetic approximately 70 degrees nose down relative to the terrain. The entire cockpit and cabin section rearward to the empennage was destroyed by postimpact fire. The leading edge of the left wing displayed crushing aft along the span from the wingtip inboard to the nacelle. The right wing's leading edge was crushed aft along the span similar to the left wing with the outboard 4 feet of the aileron folded upward. Both wings were damaged by fire from their roots outboard to the nacelles. The tail cone was found folded forward and twisted left, and the left horizontal stabilizer and elevator was folded forward and left. Control cable continuity to the flight control surfaces could not be established due to fire and impact damage.

Both engines were found embedded into the ground approximately 18 inches with their respective propeller assemblies attached. The thrust levers on the Power Control Quadrant were found in the full forward position. The autopilot/flight director, and aircraft ice protection systems were destroyed by impact forces and fire; therefore, determination of their functionality was not possible. Additionally, airspeed sensing and indicating system functionality could not be determined due to damage by fire and impact forces.

Examination of the propeller assemblies did not reveal any anomalies or defects. The following propeller blade damage was observed on the right engine: One propeller blade was found separated from the hub and was bent rearward. The other two blades were found attached to the hub and exhibited forward bending. One of the attached blades was gouged on the leading edge from the de-ice boot outboard to the middle of the blade. The other blade exhibited leading edge damage and scratches along the chord.

The following blade damage was observed on the left engine: One blade was found separated from the hub and bent rearward. The other two blades were found attached to the hub and both exhibited forward bending and scratches along the chord.

Examination of both engines revealed evidence of rotation in the compressor and power turbine sections. Additionally, no anomalies or defects were discovered that would effect normal operation.

Detailed reports for the engines and propeller assemblies are attached to this document.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Autopsies were performed on the pilot and passenger by Chai S. Choi, M.D., of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. According to Dr. Choi, the cause of death for both occupants was "multiple traumatic injuries." Toxicological tests for drugs and alcohol were negative for both occupants. Carbon Monoxide tests for the pilot were negative.

FIRE

The cabin and cockpit were destroyed by a postimpact fire. Review of ATC voice communications with the pilot did not reveal any indications that the aircraft was on fire prior to impact. Additionally, detailed examination of the wreckage revealed no evidence of an in-flight fire.

TESTS AND RESEARCH

A flight profile simulation for N69TM, was conducted on May 30, 1995, at Flight Safety, Gulfstream Commander Learning Center, Wiley Post Airport, Bethany, Oklahoma. Radar track data from Oklahoma City ATCT Northwest Radar position for the time period 1710 to 1731 on February 12, 1995, was utilized to simulate the aircraft's terminal descent to Wiley Post Airport.

Two simulated descents were flown by an experienced 690A instructor pilot under the following parameters:

Estimated Gross Weight........9520* OAT...........................0 degrees C Power Setting.................Flight Idle Rate of Descent...............1650** FPM

*The gross weight of the airplane was estimated using the following criteria: Aircraft empty weight.....7000 lbs Fuel (full tanks).........2500 lbs Pilot + 1 Passenger....... 320 lbs Luggage................... 100 lbs Total takeoff weight......9920 lbs Fuel burn from Wichita.... 400 lbs Total Gross Weight........9520 lbs

**Estimated rate of descent from the accident aircraft's final 2 minutes of flight as derived from radar data.

In accordance with the manufacturer's flight manual, the stall speeds of the Rockwell Commander 690A (without wing ice) are:

Bank angle (degrees) 0 45 60 Vs (KCAS) 78 94 112

The simulation showed a deceleration of airspeed and corresponding loss of altitude that closely matched the accident aircraft's radar track, which showed the airplane's ground speed at 92 knots, passing through 2,400 feet AGL. Both simulations were flown to an imminent stall, which resulted in 1,200 to 1,500 feet of uncontrolled flight.

The accident site elevation was approximately 1,300 feet MSL. The pilot of the accident aircraft made the emergency radio call when radar showed the airplane to be approximately 2,400 feet AGL.

Although the simulator was unable to add icing conditions to the test parameters, the manufacturer stated that stall speeds would generally increase if ice accumulates on the airplane's aerodynamic surfaces. Additionally, the addition of structural ice would increase drag on the airplane.

ADDITIONAL DATA

The wreckage was released to the owner's representative.

NTSB Probable Cause

THE PILOT'S FAILURE TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE AIRSPEED DUE TO AIRFRAME ICE, WHICH RESULTED IN A LOSS OF CONTROL. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE ACCIDENT WERE THE PILOT'S CONTINUED FLIGHT INTO ADVERSE WEATHER, HIS FAILURE TO OBTAIN WEATHER INFORMATION EITHER BEFORE OR DURING THE FLIGHT, AND THE ICING CONDITIONS.