NTSB Factual Report

"THIS CASE WAS MODIFIED JANUARY 27, 2009."

HISTORY OF FLIGHT

On November 8, 2007, about 1918 Pacific standard time, a Cessna T182T, N881CP, was destroyed after impacting mountainous terrain during climb to cruise near Potosi Mountain, about 13 nautical miles southwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. The airplane was registered to the Civil Air Patrol, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Alabama. The left-seat first pilot and right-seat second pilot, both of whom possessed airline transport pilot certificates, were killed. Visual meteorological dark night conditions prevailed for the 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 91 personal cross-country flight, and a visual flight rules (VFR) flight plan had been filed and activated at the time of the accident. The flight departed the North Las Vegas Airport (VGT), Las Vegas, Nevada, about 1905, and was destined for the Rosamond Skypark (L00), Rosamond, California.

At 1822 the pilot of N881CP filed a VFR flight plan from VGT to L00 and stated that he did not need a weather briefing. Air Traffic Control recorded the flight as CAP Flight 2793.

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) recorded data indicates that after departing VGT on Runway 30L, the airplane turned to a southwesterly heading.

At 1905:29, the pilot made the following transmission: "Las Vegas departure, Cap Flight 2793 is with you. We're leaving, ah, twenty-seven hundred for ten point five." The controller responded, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, Las Vegas departure. Ident, and ah, remain outside of class Bravo airspace." The pilot acknowledged the controller's instructions.

At 1905:49, the controller transmitted, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, radar contact two miles south of North Las Vegas Airport. Verify climbing two-thousand seven-hundred." The pilot responded, "That's affirmative."

At 1906:05, the controller asked the pilot to verify his destination. The pilot replied, "We're going, ah, to Rosamond, California." The controller replied, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, roger." At this time the airplane's altitude was 2,800 feet mean sea level (msl).

At 1906:34, the controller advised the pilot, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, traffic eleven o'clock, four miles west bound is a metro helicopter climbing three-thousand five-hundred." The pilot replied, "Twenty-seven ninety-three, we have him." The airplane's altitude was now 3,100 feet msl.

At 1907:42, the pilot radioed to the controller, "And Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, we would like to leave frequency for a minute to open a flight plan." The controller granted the pilot's request and asked him to confirm that he still had the helicopter in sight. The pilot replied, "That's affirmative." The controller replied, "Cap Flight, ah, twenty-seven ninety-three, roger. Maintain visual separation, and, ah, approved as requested." The pilot replied, "Alright." The airplane's altitude was 3,500 feet msl.

At 1908:25 and 1908:40 the pilot attempted to contact Reno radio to open his flight plan; the flight service station (FSS) specialist reported that both transmissions were unintelligible. At this time the airplane's altitude was about 3,600 feet msl.

At 1909:48 the pilot transmitted to Reno radio, "Flight two seven niner three departed North Las Vegas five minutes past the hour. Open my flight plan please." The FSS specialist replied, "Cap Flight two seven niner three, roger. VFR flight plan activated." The airplane was now at 4,100 feet msl.

At 1910:30, the pilot asked the controller, "Can, ah, Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three get higher?" The airplane's altitude was now 4,200 feet msl.

At 1910:33, the controller responded, "Cap Flight, ah, twenty-seven ninety-three contact approach one two, or correction, climb to VFR requested altitude outside of class Bravo airspace. Contact approach one two five point niner." The pilot replied, "Twenty-five nine, changing." The airplane's altitude was 4,200 feet msl.

At 1910:50, the pilot transmitted to the controller, "Approach, Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three is with you. We're leaving forty-four hundred for ten point five." The controller replied, "And Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, Las Vegas departure. Roger." The airplane's altitude was 4,400 feet msl.

At 1911:55, the controller asked the pilot, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, what's your requested on course heading, and how high you want to go?" The pilot responded, "We would like, ah, ten point five, and we are at two one zero." The airplane's altitude was 4,800 feet msl.

At 1912:06, the controller responded, "Roger. Proceed on course. VFR climb to ten point five approved." The pilot replied, "Cap Flight twenty-seven ninety-three, thank you." The airplane's altitude was 4,900 feet msl.

At 19:17:29 radar contact was lost. There was no further radio communication received from the flight. The last recorded altitude was 7,000 feet msl.

A local law enforcement officer/pilot, who was assigned to the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department's Air Support/Search and Rescue Unit, reported that on the evening of the accident, while flying a helicopter patrol mission and heading in a south-southwest direction, he observed a large fireball/explosion in the vicinity of Mount Potosi, elevation 8,514 feet msl. The officer stated that his partner also observed and confirmed that it was an explosion. The officer reported that while en route to the area of the fire he observed additional fireballs, and upon arriving at the accident site his partner confirmed that the fire was the result of an airplane crash. One officer described the area as void of any lighting which would aid in the illumination of terrain.

On November 10, 2007, onsite documentation of the accident site revealed that the airplane had impacted a near vertical rock face on the southeast side of Mount Potosi, about 1,000 feet below its summit. A survey of the accident site revealed that all airplane components necessary for flight were identified. One propeller blade was not accounted for during the initial onsite examination, nor during the recovery phase of the wreckage.

On November 13, 2007, the airplane was recovered to a secured storage facility for further examination by parties to the investigation.

PERSONNEL INFORMATION

The First Pilot

The left-seat first pilot, age 73, possessed an FAA airline transport pilot certificate for airplane multiengine land and commercial privileges for airplane single-engine land. The pilot also possessed multiple airline transport category type ratings, a turbojet flight engineer rating, as well as flight navigator certification. It was reported by Civil Air Patrol personnel that the pilot had accumulated a total flight time of 25,000 hours. The pilot's personal logbooks were not accounted for during the investigation.

The pilot held a second-class FAA airman's medical certificate, which was issued on September 10, 2007, with the limitation "Must have available glasses for near vision."

The pilot had been the CAP's Nevada Wing Commander since 2003. According to a flight log provided by the Nevada Wing of the CAP, the pilot had accumulated 74.7 hours in Garmin 1000 (G1000) equipped Cessna airplanes, and 34.2 hours in the accident airplane. The pilot had received G1000 training from a CAP instructor; the instructor was factory trained at the Cessna training facility in Independence, Missouri. The pilot's training was conducted in accordance with the Cessna FAA/Industry Training Standards (FITS) training program. The curriculum included 3 ground school sessions of 4 hours each, and three training flights of 2 hours each.

The Second Pilot

The right-seat second pilot, age 71, possessed an airline transport pilot certificate for airplane single-engine land, multiengine land, and single-engine sea. The pilot also held an airline transport pilot certificate for rotorcraft-helicopters and commercial privileges for gliders. Additionally, the pilot possessed a flight instructor certificate for single and multiengine airplanes, instrument airplane, helicopters, and gliders. The pilot also possessed advanced and instrument ground instructor certification, a flight engineer certificate for turbojet and turbopropeller airplanes, airframe and powerplant mechanic certification, and flight navigator certification. The pilot held multiple airline transport category type ratings for both helicopters and airplanes. CAP personnel reported that the pilot had accumulated more than 28,000 hours of flight time, comprised of both military and civilian flying experience. The pilot's personal logbooks were not accounted for during the investigation.

The pilot possessed a first-class FAA airman's medical certificate, which was issued on May 25, 2007, with the limitation "Must wear corrective lenses."

Civil Air Patrol personnel reported that the pilot had served in the CAP for more than 50 years. At the time of the accident the pilot was the Director of Operations for the CAP's Pacific Region. The pilot was also the former National Vice Commander, serving in the capacity for one year before serving as the Pacific Region commander for four years. Additionally, the pilot had held the position as the California Wing Commander. It was further reported by CAP personnel that the pilot had not been trained in CAP G1000 equipped airplanes, and was not authorized to fly G1000 equipped CAP airplanes.

AIRCRAFT INFORMATION

The 2006-model Cessna T182T airplane underwent its most recent annual inspection on September 7, 2007, at a total time on the airframe and engine of 300.8 hours. The airplane's most recent tachometer reading was recorded on November 7, 2007, at a total time of 338.7 hours. There was no record of the airplane having been involved in any previous airplane accidents.

The turbocharged, autopilot-equipped airplane was equipped with a Garmin G1000 Integrated Cockpit System. The system incorporates a Primary Flight Display (PFD) and a Multi Function Display (MFD). The MFD allows the pilot to access the Terrain Proximity Page, which provides the pilot with terrain elevation relative to the airplane's altitude, current aircraft location, range marking rings, a heading box, and obstacles. The Terrain Avoidance and Warning System (TAWS) option was not installed on the airplane.

The following statement is printed in the Garmin G1000 Pilot's Guide for Cessna Nav III: "CAUTION: Use of Terrain Proximity information for primary terrain avoidance is prohibited. The Terrain Proximity Map is intended only to enhance situational awareness. It is the pilot's responsibility to provide terrain avoidance at all times."

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL

Radar Data

A National Transportation Safety Board Air Traffic Control Investigator reviewed the radar data for the accident flight. The investigator reported that radar data for this accident was obtained from the LAS Airport Surveillance Radar-9 (ASR-9) sensor as recorded by the Las Vegas Terminal Radar Approach Control (L30) Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System (STARS), which indicated that Cap Flight 2793 was continuously visible from departure at VGT until impact with Mt. Potosi. The radar also displayed an image of the symbol depicting Mt. Potosi as Cap Flight 2793 approached the obstacle just prior to the accident.

Interviews with Air Traffic Control personnel

In an interview with the L30 Daggett/Mead radar controller, the controller stated that VFR aircraft en route to the Bakersfield area usually pass north of Mt. Potosi, while aircraft en route to the Southern California area pass further south. The controller reported that he does not handle VFR traffic flying at night any differently than he does in the daytime, and that he did not notice anything unusual about the accident aircraft as it headed toward Mt. Potosi. The controller stated, "It looked just like other aircraft passing through the area." The controller stated that he knew that the height of Mt. Potosi was 8,500 feet.

In an interview with the Daggett radar controller, who had just relieved the L30 Daggett/Mead radar controller and was controlling Cap Flight 2793 at the time of the accident, the controller reported that when he was relieved he was informed that the accident airplane was climbing to its requested altitude, 10,500 feet. The controller stated, "The aircraft looked fine - there was nothing unusual about it. When questioned about where he expected the aircraft to go the controller replied that "...the pilot was on his own navigation." The controller stated that other aircraft he has seen go where the accident aircraft was, and some go further south. Asked when he is required to issue a safety alert, the controller stated, in his opinion, when an aircraft is close to terrain or other aircraft. The controller stated that he knew that the height of Mt. Potosi was 8,500 feet. (See the National Transportation Safety Board's Air Traffic Control Group Chairman's Factual Report for additional details.)

Safety Alerts, FAA Air Traffic Control Order 7110.65

FAA Order 7110.65 states, in part, that a controller's duty priority is to "give first priority to separating aircraft and issuing safety alerts..." The safety alert is to be issued to an aircraft once the controller observes and recognizes a situation wherein the aircraft is in unsafe proximity to terrain, obstacles, or other aircraft. The controller "...must remain vigilant for such situations."

METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION

At 1856, the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) at the McCarran International Airport (LAS), Las Vegas, Nevada, located about 19 nautical miles northeast of the accident site, reported wind 240 degrees at 3 knots, visibility 10 miles, few clouds at 18,000 feet, broken clouds at 25,000 feet, temperature 23 degrees C, dew point -1 degree C, and an altimeter setting of 29.95 inches of Mercury.

According to the U.S. Naval Observatory, Department of Astronomical Applications, the phase of the moon was waning crescent (not seen anytime before midnight) with 1% of the moon's visible disk illuminated. Moonrise was at 0605 on the following day.

WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION

On November 10, 2007, the NTSB IIC, accompanied by representatives from the FAA, United States Air Force, and Cessna Aircraft Company examined the wreckage at the accident site. The examination revealed that the airplane had impacted rapidly rising terrain nose first in an approximate level flight attitude, about 21 nautical miles southwest of VGT, elevation 2,205 feet msl. The impact site was located about .6 miles southeast of the summit of Mount Potosi, elevation 8,514 feet msl. The airplane had impacted the terrain on a magnetic heading of about 210 degrees, subsequently falling about 30 feet before coming to rest on a rock outcropping at an elevation of about 7,450 feet msl. A large burn mark above the outcropping was consistent with the airplane's initial impact point.

An examination of the accident site revealed that the fuselage had been consumed by fire from the engine compartment aft to about fuselage station 172. All flight and engine instruments sustained extensive impact and thermal damage. The empennage came to rest in an inverted position, with the top of the right horizontal stabilizer observed crushed downward near its inboard edge causing damage to the right horizontal stabilizer leading edge. The leading edge of the right horizontal stabilizer exhibited aft crushing to its top at approximately midspan. The leading edges of both wings were observed to have been crushed aft.

Flight control cable continuity was established and confirmed for the rudder and elevators. Aileron control continuity was partially confirmed, with aileron cables observed attached to their respective bellcranks. Elevator trim tab control cable continuity was partially established.

MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION

An autopsy was performed on each pilot by the Clark Country Coroner's Office, Las Vegas, Nevada. According to the autopsy reports, the cause of death for both pilots was "Multiple blunt force trauma."

The FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute (CAMI) prepared a Final Forensic Toxicology Accident Report f

NTSB Probable Cause

The pilot's failure to maintain an adequate terrain clearance/altitude during climb to cruise. Contributing to the accident were rising mountainous terrain, the dark nighttime lighting condition, the pilot's loss of situational awareness, and the Federal Aviation Administration controller's failure to issue a terrain-related safety alert.